Clinical research in cell therapy of liver diseases: progress and challenges / 中华肝脏病杂志

The high incidence of chronic liver disease is a serious threat to public health, and the current comprehensive internal medicine treatment is ineffective. Liver transplantation is limited by the shortage of liver source and post-transplant rejection, and thus unmet the clinical needs. More importantly, cell therapy shows great promise for the treatment of chronic liver disease. Over recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out a variety of cell therapy preclinical and clinical trials for critical liver disease, and achieved certain results, providing new methods for the treatment of chronic liver diseases. This review discusses the cell therapy research status and application progress, various existing problems and challenges, and key issues of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of chronic liver diseases.

Value of airway pH monitoring in determining the association between chronic cough and laryngopharyngeal reflux in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the value of airway pH monitoring in determining the association between chronic cough and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) in children.@*METHODS@#A total of 274 children with chronic cough who were treated from January 2016 to December 2019 were enrolled. The DX-pH detection system was used to conduct 24-hour airway pH monitoring. The association between chronic cough and LPR was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Among the 274 children, there were 168 boys and 106 girls, with a median age of 62.8 months and a median airway pH value of 7.3. Of all the 274 children, 99 (36.1%) had LPR, and the incidence rate of LPR was 36.9% (62/168) in boys and 34.9% (37/106) in girls (@*CONCLUSIONS@#LPR is highly associated with the development of chronic cough, and airway pH monitoring may be a safe and effective method for the diagnosis of LPR.

Clinical efficacy analysis of Qing Mang Yi Hao in the treatment of toxic optic atrophy / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To evaluate effects of Qing Mang Yi Hao in the treatment of toxic optic atrophy.<p>METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 7 patients(13 eyes)suffered from toxic optic atrophy in Department of Ophthalmology, Dongfang Hospital Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, who were diagnosed as liver stagnation and blood deficiency and treated with Qing Mang Yi Hao formula. The formula treatments patients received were varying from 1 to 12 courses, and the clinical follow-up unequally lasted from 6-24mo. Then the formula clinical efficacy was comprehensively evaluated by comparing their visual acuity, visual field, visual evoked potential(VEP)and retinal nerve fiber layer(RNFL)thickness before and after treatment.<p>RESULTS: Seven cases(13 eyes)consisted of 5 ethambutol-induced optic neuropathy cases(10 eyes), 1 alcohol toxic neuropathy case(1 eye)and 1 rabies vaccine toxic neuropathy case(2 eyes). OCT showed the RNFL thicknesses on nasal and temporal quadrants were significantly thin at their first visits and the tendency of decreasing was noticed on each quadrant of RNFL thickness at the last follow-up. However, the visual acuity of 7 cases(13 eyes)had varying improvements: ≥0.1 4 eyes(31%), 0.06-<0.1 2 eyes(15%), 0.04-<0.06 1 eyes(8%), 0.01-<0.04 4 eyes(31%), no improvements 2 eyes(15%). The total efficacy rate of Qing Mang Yi Hao formula was 64%(27% significant).<p>CONCLUSION: Qing Mang Yi Hao could improve visual function, delay the progressive optic atrophy of TON, thus plays a significant role in optic neuroprotection.

Association of sleep with anxiety in the elderly aged 60 years and older in China / 中华流行病学杂志

To investigate the relationship of sleep duration and sleep quality with anxiety in the elderly aged 60 years and older in China. The elderly aged 60 years and older were selected from the China Short-term Health Effects of Air Pollution Study conducted between July 18, 2017 and February 7, 2018. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the association of sleep duration and sleep quality with anxiety. A total of 3 897 elderly aged 60 years and older were included in the study. The age of the elderly was (73.4±8.0) years old. Among the elderly surveyed, 6.5 were defined with anxiety, and 18.7 reported poor sleep quality. Multivariate logistic regression models showed shorter sleep duration was the risk factor for anxiety in the elderly that after adjusting for factors such as general demographics, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle, health status, social support and ambient fine particulates exposure. Compared with the elderly with 7 hours of sleep duration daily, the (95) of anxiety for those with sleep duration ≤ 6 hours was 2.09 (1.49-2.93). Compared with those with good sleep quality, the (95) of anxiety for those with poor sleep quality was 5.12 (3.88-6.77). We also found statistically significant correlations of the scores of subscales of Pittsburgh sleep quality index with anxiety, in which the effects of sleep disturbance, subjective sleep quality and daytime dysfunction scores were most obvious, the (95) were 4.63 (3.55-6.04), 2.75 (2.33-3.23) and 2.50 (2.19-2.86), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the association of sleep duration and sleep quality with anxiety was more obvious in males and in those aged <80 years. Shorter sleep duration and poor sleep quality are associated with anxiety in the elderly in China.

NRAS Gene Expression and Its Clinical Significance in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the mutation rate and distribution of Homo sapiens neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog (NRAS) gene in the patients with acute myeloid leukemia.@*METHODS@#The genomic DNA of bone marrow was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing for NRAS mutations. At the same time, the mutations of ASXL1, DNMT3A, TET2, CEBPA, FLT3, IDH2, NPM1 and c-KIT genes were also detected to analyze the relation with NRAS mutations.@*RESULTS@#A total of 11 NRAS mutations were found in 108 patients with initial acute myeloid leukemia and the mutation rate was 10.2%, including 6 cases of G12D, 3 cases of G13D, and 2 cases of G61K. In the mutation group, the peripheral blood leukocyte count was higher (P＜0.05), more likely to occur in the M subtype, and the M subtype was mutually exclusive (P＜0.05). Moreover, the mutant group was more likely to express CD13 than the non-mutation group (P＜0.05), while no statistic difference was found in age, gender, hemoglobin level, platelet count, lactate dehydrogenase level, bone marrow blast, cytogenetics, complete remission rate and overall survival (P＞0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The mutation of NRAS gene has no effect on the prognosis of AML patients.

Establishment of surveillance, investigation and health risk assessment system with Chinese characteristics in the field of environmental health / 中华疾病控制杂志

In the past decades, serious environmental pollution problems have been caused by the extensive economic growth in China, of which adverse health effects have emerged gradually and received considerable attention. Chinese government attached great importance to these issues, and then carried out plenty of surveillance, investigation and health risk assessment work, which provide important basic data and scientific evidences for decision-making in the health effects of environmental pollution researching, related diseases control and prevention. Development, progress and future prospects of surveillance, investigation and health risk assessment system in the field of environmental health were discussed in this paper.

Projections of Temperature-related Non-accidental Mortality in Nanjing, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

The health effects of climatic changes constitute an important research area, yet few researchers have reported city- or region-specific projections of temperature-related deaths based on assumptions about mitigation and adaptation. Herein, we provide quantitative projections for the number of additional deaths expected in the future, owing to the cold and heat in the city of Nanjing, China, based on 31 global circulation models (GCMs), two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), and three population scenarios [a constant scenario and two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) (SSP2 and SSP5)], for the periods of 2010-2039, 2040-2069, and 2070-2099. The results show that for the period 2070-2099, the net number of temperature-related deaths can be comparable in the cases of RCP4.5/SSP2 and RCP8.5/SSP5 owing to the offsetting effects attributed to the increase of heat related deaths and the decrease of cold-related deaths. In consideration of this adaptation, we suggest that RCP4.5/SSP2 is a better future development pathway/scenario.

Relation between coagulation parameters and pelvic adhesions in endometriosis / 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between coagulation parameters and pelvic adhesions in endometriosis.METHODS: The clinical data of 408 patients with endometriosis who underwent surgery in Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University from June 2016 to February 2018 were retrospectively analyzed to evaluate the correlation between coagulation parameters and the severity of pelvic adhesions.RESULTS: In endometriosis cases,the levels of plasma fibrinogen(FIB)in patients with pelvic adhesions were significantly shorter than those without pelvic adhesions[median:3.1 g/L(range:2.7-4.5 g/L)vs. 2.8 g/L(range:2.6-3.2 g/L),respectively;P0.05). FIB was positively correlated with pelvic adhesion scores(r=0.248,P<0.01).In the judgment of pelvic adhesion,the area under the curve(AUC)of FIB was 0.630,and the cut-off value was 2.87 g/L.The incidence of adhesions in patients with FIB greater than 2.87 g/L increased(χ2=15.4,P<0.01).CONCLUSION: Coagulation parameters was correlated with the pelvic adhesions in endometriosis,especially fibrinogen,which may help to judge the severity of pelvic adhesions caused by endometriosis.

Inhibition of the activity of methyltransferase from Legionella pneumophila by histone H3K14M mutation / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective • To investigate the effect of histone H3K14M mutation on the activity of methyltransferase RomA, a secreted effector ofLegionella pneumophila in eukaryotic cells and the underlying mechanisms. Methods • Wide-type histone H3 (H3WT) and mutant histone H3 (the lysine residue 14 was replaced by methionine, isoleucine or arginine residue, and named as H3K14M, H3K14I, and H3K14R, respectively) recombinant expression plasmids were constructed. Packaged lentiviruses with these plasmids were used to infect eukaryotic cells 293T and THP-1 with or without over-expression of RomA. The H3K14 methylation and acetylation were analyzed by Western blotting. The interaction of RomA with H3WT and H3K14 mutants was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. Results • A secreted effector of Legionella pneumophila named RomA targeted the host cell nucleus to upregulate the H3K14 methylation level and downregulate the H3K14 acetylation level for inhibiting the gene expression in host cells and promoting Legionella pneumophila's efficient intracellular replication. But histone H3K14M mutation could promote the interaction between H3K14M and RomA and thus inhibited the methyltransferase activity of RomA. Conclusion • Histone H3K14M mutation significantly inhibits the activity of Legionella pneumophilamethyltransferase RomA.

Establishment of Drug-resistant Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic Cell Lines and Their Resistance Mechanism / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish the adriamycin(ADR)-resistant ALL cell lines and to investigate their drug-resistan mechanisms.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The drug-resistant cell lines SUP-B15/ADR and RS4;11/ADR were derived by exposing the parental cells [SUP-B15(Ph) and RS4;11(Ph)] to the ascending concentrations of ADR. The cell viability was detected by CCK-8 method. The expression of P-gp was examined by Western blot, and RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression of MDR1.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The drug-resistant cell lines SUP-B15/ADR and RS4;11/ADR were successfully established, their resistance indexes were 14.088±0.763 and 10.473±1.024, respectively. After the cryopreserved SUP-B15/ADR and RS4;11/ADR cells were resuscitated, their survival rates were 88.4±1.2% and 89.3±1.6% respectively, while their resistance indexes were 13.976±0.967 and 10.342±0.846 respectively (P>0.05). When the drug-resistant cells were cultured in the medium without ADR for 1 month, their drug-resistance indexes dropped down to 12.893±1.255 and 9.327±0.321 respectively(P<0.05). Drug-resistant cell lines had the cross-resistance to cytarabine and etoposide. The expression of P-gp and MDR1 in drug-resistant cells was significantly higher than that in wild-type cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Two drug-resistant ALL cell lines have been successfully established by exposing to the ascending concentration of ADR. The over-expression of MDR1 and P-gp in drug-resistant cells may be one of the mechanisms underlying the drug resistance.</p>

Establishment and evaluation of a rat model of endometriosis with pelvic adhesions / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To establish and evaluate a rat model of endometriosis with pelvic adhesions. Methods To establish a rat model of endometriosis and pelvic adhesions by autologous transplantation of endometrial tissue to the mesenterium. After modeled, eight rats were randomly selected for examination at 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after op-eration. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine Classification of Endometriosis and Haber Adhesion Score were used to evaluate the pelvic adhesions. At the same time, the lesions and surrounding peritoneal adhesions were taken for pathological examination using HE staining. The tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) content was detected at 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after operation. Results The two adhesion scoring methods showed that typical pelvic adhesions were formed 5 days after modeling. Compared with the blank control group and the sham operation group, the tPA content in the pelvic adhesions of the model group was significantly decreased after 5 days ( P< 0. 01 ) , and increased at 28 days after model establishment, but still significantly lower than that of the blank control group and sham operation group ( P <0. 01). Conclusions The autologous transplantation method is successfully used to establish a rat model of pelvic adhe-sions of endometriosis in the mesenterium. The model is matured at 5 days after surgery. The tPA is correlated with the formation of pelvic adhesions of endometriosis.

Hemostatic Effect of Spleen-invigorating, Qi-replenishing and Blood-containing Formula on Simvastatin-induced Zebrafish Hemorrhage Model / 中国实验血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the hemostatic effect of spleen-invigorating, qi-replenishing and blood-containing formula on simvastatin-induced zebrafish hemorrhage model, and to compare with the effect of clearing heat and cooling blood formula.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Zebrafishes from breed A B line were treated with 0.5 µmol/L simvastatin for 24 hours to establish zebrafishes hemorrhage model. Under strict blinded experimental conditions, the above mentioned zebrafishes were then treated with experimental drug of different concentrations at the maximum non-lethal dose. The intervention effect of spleen-invigorating, qi-replenishing and blood-containing formula was comprehensively assessed by examining the main observational parameters, such as bleeding reduction rate and hemostasis rate while referring to additional parameters, such as blood flow, improvement rate of blood flow, velocity of movement, improvement rate of motion, which are characteristics of spleen qi deficiency.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>When the hemostatic effect of experimental drug B1 at the concentrations of 500 and 1 000 µg/ml, zebrafish bleeding rates were 30% and 15%, the hemostatic rate was 60% and 80%, respectively; when the experimental drug B2 at concentration of 500 and 1 000 µg/ml, Zebrafish bleeding rates were 45% and 40%, the hemostatic rate was 40% and 47%, respectively, showing that experimental drug B1 was superior to B2 in terms of decreasing bleeding rate and improving hemostatic effect in zebrafish. In the equal concentration, the experimental drug B1 was superior to B2 in terms of increasing and improving the blood flow of hemorrhagic zebrafish. Promotion and improvement of motion: in equal concentration, experimental drug B1 was superior to B2 in terms of promoting the motion velocity and increasing the improving rate of motion in zebrafish.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The spleen-invigorating, qi-replenishing and blood-containing formula displays a good hemostatic effect on simvastatin-induced hemorrhage of zebrafish. It also boosts the blood flow and motion velocity in hemorrhagic zebrafish, therefore, providing an experimental basis for the treatment of syndrome of spleen failing to control blood by spleen-invigorating, qi-replenishing and blood-containing formula.</p>

Willingness to Pay for Measures of Managing the Health Effects of Heat Wave in Beijing, China: a Cross-sectional Survey / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>There are evidences that heat wave events cause deaths and emergency cases. This article used the contingent valuation method to find the willingness to pay for the protective measures and investigated the factors that influence the willingness to pay.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional face-to-face household survey was completed by 637 urban long-term residents and 591 rural long-term residents aged 15-79 in Beijing, China. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors that influenced the payment rate or payment amount for the protective measures, including independent variables for district, gender, age, education, income, air conditioner ownership, heat wave experience, and chronic non-communicable disease.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The payment rate was 41.1% for protective measures provided by the government and 39.5% by measures provided by the market. Most of the respondents were willing to pay 40 CNY per capita annually for measures provided by the government or the market. The factors influencing willingness to pay were district, gender, income, air conditioner ownership, heat wave experience, and chronic non-communicable disease..</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Protective measures for heat waves need to be provided immediately. More attention should be paid to the situation of vulnerable groups, such as people who live in urban areas, those without air conditioning, and those who have experienced a heat wave in the past.</p>

Traditional Chinese medical comprehensive therapy for cancer-related fatigue / 中国结合医学杂志

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common and one of the most severe symptom in the period of onset, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation process of cancer. But there are no confirmed measures to relieve this problem at present. Traditional Chinese medical comprehensive therapy has its advantages in dealing with this condition. Based on the research status of CRF, the following problems have been analyzed and solved: the term of CRF has been defined and recommended, and the definition has been made clear; the disease mechanism is proposed, i.e. healthy qi has been impaired in the long-term disease duration, in the process of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and biology disturbing; it is clear that the clinical manifestations are related to six Chinese medicine patterns: decreased functioning of the Pi (Spleen) and Wei (Stomach), deficiency of the Pi with dampness retention, deficiency of the Xin (Heart) and Pi, disharmony between the Gan (Liver) and Pi, deficiency of the Pi and Shen (Kidney), and deficiency of the Fei (Lung) and Shen. Based on its severity, the mild patients are advised to have non-drug psychological intervention and sleep treatment in cooperation with appropriate exercise; diet therapy are recommended to moderate patients together with sleep treatment and acupuncture, severe patients are recommended to have herbal treatment based on pattern differentiation together with physiological sleep therapy.

Impact of temperature on mortality in three major Chinese cities / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the relation between temperature and mortality by estimating the temperature-related mortality in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of daily mortality, weather and air pollution in the three cities were collected. A distributed lag nonlinear model was established and used in analyzing the effects of temperature on mortality. Current and future net temperature-related mortality was estimated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The association between temperature and mortality was J-shaped, with an increased death risk of both hot and cold temperature in these cities. The effects of cold temperature on health lasted longer than those of hot temperature. The projected temperature-related mortality increased with the decreased cold-related mortality. The mortality was higher in Guangzhou than in Beijing and Shanghai.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The impact of temperature on health varies in the 3 cities of China, which may have implications for climate policy making in China.</p>

Contrast enhanced ultrasonographic features of benign focal liver lesions / 中华医学超声杂志（电子版）

Objective To summarize the contrast enhanced ultrasonographic (CEUS) features of benign focal liver lesions, on and to investigate the value of contrast enhanced ultrasound techniques in the diagnosis of benign focal liver lesion. Methods The contrast enhanced ultrasonographic performance of 68 benign focal liver lesions cases which were dififcult for routine ultrasound diagnosis and conifrmed by pathology or follow-up were retrospectively analyzed. Chi-square test of four-fold table were used to compare the diagnostic coincidence rate of conventional ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Results The 68 cases of benign focal liver lesions included complex cysts (n=7), liver hydatids (n=2), liver abscess (n=15), focal nodular hyperplasia (n=8), angiomyolipoma (n=2), hepatocellular adenoma (n=4), focal fat accumulation (n=16), inlfammatory pseudotumor (n=12), solitary necrotic nodule (n=1), intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma (n=1). There were no enhancement among 7 complex cysts, 2 liver hydatids and 1 solitary necrotic nodule. Isoenhancement was detected in focal fat accumulation (n=16);hypoenhancement during the arterial phase and sustained enhancement during the portal or late phase was found in focal nodular hyperplasia (n=8) and angiomyolipoma (n=2). Grid-like enhancements during the arterial phase and isoenhancement or hypoenhancement during the portal phase, and hypoenhancement during the late phase was presented in liver abscess (n=15). Hyperenhancement during the arterial phase were detected in 4 cases of hepatocellular adenoma, 3 of which showed isoenhancement or hyperenhancement during the portal and delayed phase, one case showed hypoenhancement during the portal phase. Eight cases of all the inlfammatory pseudotumor showed no enhancement during all phases;3 cases showing grid enhancement during the arterial phase and the enhancement washed out rapidly;1 case showed mild edge enhancement during the arterial phase and hypoenhancement during the delayed phase. The solid part of the intrahepatic biliary cystadenoma showed hyperenhancement during the arterial phase and hypoenhancement during the portal and late phase.The central area showed no enhancement during all phase. The coincidence rate between pathology and conventional ultrasound diagnosis was 61.8%(42/68). The coincidence rate between pathology and contrast- enhanced ultrasound diagnosis was 92.6%(63/68). The coincidence rate of contrast-enhanced ultrasound diagnostic was higher than that of conventional ultrasound, with a statistically signiifcant difference (χ2=8.17, P < 0.01). Conclusion Real-time gray-scale contrast-enhanced sonography can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis and differential diagnosis for benign focal liver lesions.

Prediction of heat-related mortality impacts under climate change scenarios in Shanghai / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To project the future impacts of climate change on heat-related mortality in shanghai.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The statistical downscaling techniques were applied to simulate the daily mean temperatures of Shanghai in the middle and farther future under the changing climate. Based on the published exposure-reaction relationship of temperature and mortality in Shanghai, we projected the heat-related mortality in the middle and farther future under the circumstance of high speed increase of carbon e mission (A2) and low speed increase of carbon emission (B2). The data of 1961 to 1990 was used to establish the model, and the data of 1991 - 2001 was used to testify the model, and then the daily mean temperature from 2030 to 2059 and from 2070 to 2099 were simulated and the heat-related mortality was projected. The data resources were from U.S. National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis Data in SDSM Website and UK Hadley Centre Coupled Model Data in SDSM Website.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The explained variance and the standard error of the established model was separately 98.1% and 1.24°C. The R(2) value of the simulated trend line equaled to 0.978 in Shanghai, as testified by the model. Therefore, the temperature prediction model simulated daily mean temperatures well. Under A2 scenario, the daily mean temperature in 2030 - 2059 and 2070 - 2099 were projected to be 17.9°C and 20.4°C, respectively, increasing by 1.1°C and 3.6°C when compared to baseline period (16.8°C). Under B2 scenario, the daily mean temperature in 2030 - 2059 and 2070 - 2099 were projected to be 17.8°C and 19.1°C, respectively, increasing by 1.0°C and 2.3°C when compared to baseline period (16.8°C). Under A2 scenario, annual average heat-related mortality were projected to be 516 cases and 1191 cases in 2030 - 2059 and 2070 - 2099, respectively, increasing 53.6% and 254.5% when compared with baseline period (336 cases). Under B2 scenario, annual average heat-related mortality were projected to be 498 cases and 832 cases in 2030 - 2059 and 2070 - 2099, respectively, increasing 48.2% and 147.6% when compared with baseline period (336 cases).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Under the changing climate, heat-related mortality is projected to increase in the future;and the increase will be more obvious in year 2070 - 2099 than in year 2030 - 2059.</p>

Assessing heat-related mortality risks in Beijing, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To obtain the exposure-response relationship for temperature and mortality, and assess the risk of heat-related premature death.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A statistical model was developed using a Poisson generalized linear regression model with Beijing mortality and temperature data from October 1st, 2006 to September 30th, 2008. We calculated the exposure-response relationship for temperature and mortality in the central city, and inner suburban and outer suburban regions. Based on this relationship, a health risk model was used to assess the risk of heat-related premature death in the summer (June to August) of 2009.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The population in the outer suburbs had the highest temperature-related mortality risk. People in the central city had a mid-range risk, while people in the inner suburbs had the lowest risk. Risk assessment predicted that the number of heat-related premature deaths in the summer of 2009 was 1581. The city areas of Chaoyang and Haidian districts had the highest number of premature deaths. The number of premature deaths in the southern areas of Beijing (Fangshan, Fengtai, Daxing, and Tongzhou districts) was in the mid-range.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ambient temperature significantly affects human mortality in Beijing. People in the city and outer suburban area have a higher temperature-related mortality risk than people in the inner suburban area. This may be explained by a temperature-related vulnerability.</p>

Human Health Risk Assessment of Benzene and Formaldehyde in Different Indoor Environment in Guiyang City / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To evaluate the cancer risk of benzene and formaldehyde in different indoor air environments in Guiyang city.Methods From 2004 to 2005,benzene and formaldehyde monitoring was conducted in bedrooms,living rooms, kitchens,offices,classrooms and outdoor environments in winter,spring and autumn,and human health risk assessment was done. Results The mean benzene and formaldehyde concentration in different environments were lower than the China indoor air quality standard except for formaldehyde concentration in offices.The benzene cancer risks of male and female adults were 1.63?10~4 and 1.40?10~(-4)respectively.The formaldehyde cancer risks of male and female adults were 6.05?10~(-4)and 5.23?10~(-4) respectively.The human formaldehyde cancer risk was higher than benzene cancer risk,and the risk for male was higher than that for female.Benzene and formaldehyde cancer risks of different population in different indoor environments were above 1.00?10~(-6), the acceptable level of human cancer risk.Conclusion The benzene and formaldehyde concentrations in different environment in Guiyang city has the high cancer risks to human health.